http://t3x.org/subc/expr.c.html

expr.c

This source file is part of the SubC compiler, which is described in the book

Practical Compiler Construction.

You might prefer to download the compiler source code. It is in the public domain.

Expression Parser

This is the general C expression parser. It is the largest part of the compiler. Much of the semantic analysis code is also contained in this module.

Note that this is a recursive descent parser that covers all 15 levels of precedence in only 9 functions. See the binexpr() function below or the book for details.

/*
 *	NMH's Simple C Compiler, 2011,2012,2022
 *	Expression parser
 */

#include "defs.h"
#include "data.h"
#include "decl.h"
#include "prec.h"

int asgmnt(int *lv);
int expr(int *lv);
int cast(int *lv);

/*
 * primary :=
 *	  IDENT
 *	| INTLIT
 *	| string
 *	| __ARGC
 *	| ( expr )
 *
 * string :=
 *	  STRLIT
 *	| STRLIT string
 */

static int primary(int *lv) {
	int	a, y, lab;
	char	name[NAMELEN+1];

	lv[LVSYM] = lv[LVPRIM] = 0;
	switch (Token) {
	case IDENT:
		y = findloc(Text);
		if (!y) y = findglob(Text);
		copyname(name, Text);
		Token = scan();
		if (!y) {
			if (LPAREN == Token) {
				y = addglob(name, PINT, TFUNCTION, CEXTERN,
					-1, 0, NULL, 0);
			}
			else {
				error("undeclared variable: %s", name);
				y = addloc(name, PINT, TVARIABLE, CAUTO,
					0, 0, 0);
			}
		}
		lv[LVSYM] = y;
		lv[LVPRIM] = Prims[y];
		if (TFUNCTION == Types[y]) {
			if (LPAREN != Token) {
				lv[LVPRIM] = FUNPTR;
				genaddr(y);
			}
			return 0;
		}
		if (TCONSTANT == Types[y]) {
			genlit(Vals[y]);
			return 0;
		}
		if (TARRAY == Types[y]) {
			genaddr(y);
			lv[LVPRIM] = pointerto(lv[LVPRIM]);
			return 0;
		}
		return 1;
	case INTLIT:
		genlit(Value);
		Token = scan();
		lv[LVPRIM] = PINT;
		return 0;
	case STRLIT:
		gendata();
		lab = label();
		genlab(lab);
		while (STRLIT == Token) {
			gendefs(Text, Value);
			Token = scan();
		}
		gendefb(0);
		genldlab(lab);
		lv[LVPRIM] = CHARPTR;
		return 0;
	case LPAREN:
		Token = scan();
		a = expr(lv);
		rparen();
		return a;
	case __ARGC:
		Token = scan();
		genargc();
		lv[LVPRIM] = PINT;
		return 0;
	default:
		error("syntax error at: %s", Text);
		Token = synch(SEMI);
		return 0;
	}
}

int typematch(int p1, int p2) {
	if (p1 == p2) return 1;
	if (inttype(p1) && inttype(p2)) return 1;
	if (!inttype(p1) && VOIDPTR == p2) return 1;
	if (VOIDPTR == p1 && !inttype(p2)) return 1;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * fnargs :=
 *	  asgmnt
 *	| asgmnt , fnargs
 */

static int fnargs(int fn) {
	int	lv[LV];
	int	na = 0;
	char	*types;
	char	msg[100];
	char	sgn[MAXFNARGS+1];

	types = fn? Mtext[fn]: NULL;
	na = 0;
	while (RPAREN != Token) {
		if (asgmnt(lv)) rvalue(lv);
		if (types && *types) {
			if (!typematch(*types, lv[LVPRIM])) {
				sprintf(msg, "wrong type in argument %d"
					" of call to: %%s",
					na+1);
				error(msg, Names[fn]);
			}
			types++;
		}
		if (na < MAXFNARGS) sgn[na] = lv[LVPRIM], sgn[na+1] = 0;
		na++;
		if (COMMA == Token)
			Token = scan();
		else
			break;
	}
	if (fn && TFUNCTION == Types[fn] && !Mtext[fn])
		Mtext[fn] = globname(sgn);
	rparen();
	genpushlit(na);
	return na;
}

static int indirection(int a, int *lv) {
	if (a) rvalue(lv);
	if (INTPP == lv[LVPRIM]) lv[LVPRIM] = INTPTR;
	else if (CHARPP == lv[LVPRIM]) lv[LVPRIM] = CHARPTR;
	else if (VOIDPP == lv[LVPRIM]) lv[LVPRIM] = VOIDPTR;
	else if (INTPTR == lv[LVPRIM]) lv[LVPRIM] = PINT;
	else if (CHARPTR == lv[LVPRIM]) lv[LVPRIM] = PCHAR;
	else if (VOIDPTR == lv[LVPRIM]) {
		error("dereferencing void pointer", NULL);
		lv[LVPRIM] = PCHAR;
	}
	else if (FUNPTR == lv[LVPRIM]) lv[LVPRIM] = PCHAR;
	else {
		if (lv[LVSYM])
			error("indirection through non-pointer: %s",
				Names[lv[LVSYM]]);
		else
			error("indirection through non-pointer", NULL);
	}
	lv[LVSYM] = 0;
	return lv[LVPRIM];
}

static void badcall(int *lv) {
	if (lv[LVSYM])
		error("call of non-function: %s",
			Names[lv[LVSYM]]);
	else
		error("call of non-function", NULL);
}

static int argsok(int na, int nf) {
	return na == nf || nf < 0 && na >= -nf-1;
}

/*
 * postfix :=
 *	  primary
 *	| postfix [ expr ]
 *	| postfix ( )
 *	| postfix ( fnargs )
 *	| postfix ++
 *	| postfix --
 */

static int postfix(int *lv) {
	int	a, lv2[LV], p, na;

	a = primary(lv);
	for (;;) {
		switch (Token) {
		case LBRACK:
			while (LBRACK == Token) {
				p = indirection(a, lv);
				Token = scan();
				if (expr(lv2))
					rvalue(lv2);
				if (PINT != lv2[LVPRIM])
					error("non-integer subscript", NULL);
				if (    PINT == p || INTPTR == p ||
					CHARPTR == p || VOIDPTR == p
				)
					genscale();
				genadd(PINT, PINT, 1);
				rbrack();
				lv[LVSYM] = 0;
				a = 1;
			}
			break;
		case LPAREN:
			Token = scan();
			na = fnargs(lv[LVSYM]);
			if (lv[LVSYM] && TFUNCTION == Types[lv[LVSYM]]) {
				if (!argsok(na, Sizes[lv[LVSYM]]))
					error("wrong number of arguments: %s",
						Names[lv[LVSYM]]);
				gencall(lv[LVSYM]);
			}
			else {
				if (lv[LVPRIM] != FUNPTR) badcall(lv);
				clear();
				rvalue(lv);
				gencalr();
				lv[LVPRIM] = PINT;
			}
			genstack((na + 1) * INTSIZE);
			a = 0;
			break;
		case INCR:
		case DECR: 
			if (a) {
				if (INCR == Token)
					geninc(lv, 1, 0);
				else
					geninc(lv, 0, 0);
			}
			else
				error("lvalue required before '%s'", Text);
			Token = scan();
			a = 0;
			break;
		default:
			return a;
		}
	}
}

/*
 * prefix :=
 *	  postfix
 *	| ++ prefix
 *	| -- prefix
 *	| & cast
 *	| * cast
 *	| + cast
 *	| - cast
 *	| ~ cast
 *	| ! cast
 *	| SIZEOF ( type )
 *	| SIZEOF ( type * )
 *	| SIZEOF ( type * * )
 *	| SIZEOF ( IDENT )
 *
 * type :=
 *	  INT
 *	| CHAR
 *	| VOID
 */

static int prefix(int *lv) {
	int	k, y, t, a;

	switch (Token) {
	case INCR:
	case DECR:
		t = Token;
		Token = scan();
		if (prefix(lv)) {
			if (INCR == t)
				geninc(lv, 1, 1);
			else
				geninc(lv, 0, 1);
		}
		else {
			error("lvalue expected after '%s'",
				t == INCR? "++": "--");
		}
		return 0;
	case STAR:
		Token = scan();
		a = cast(lv);
		indirection(a, lv);
		return 1;
	case PLUS:
		Token = scan();
 		if (cast(lv))
			rvalue(lv);
		if (!inttype(lv[LVPRIM]))
			error("bad operand to unary '+'", NULL);
		return 0;
	case MINUS:
		Token = scan();
		if (cast(lv))
			rvalue(lv);
		if (!inttype(lv[LVPRIM]))
			error("bad operand to unary '-'", NULL);
		genneg();
		return 0;
	case TILDE:
		Token = scan();
		if (cast(lv))
			rvalue(lv);
		if (!inttype(lv[LVPRIM]))
			error("bad operand to '~'", NULL);
		gennot();
		return 0;
	case XMARK:
		Token = scan();
		if (cast(lv))
			rvalue(lv);
		genlognot();
		lv[LVPRIM] = PINT;
		return 0;
	case AMPER:
		Token = scan();
		if (!cast(lv))
			error("lvalue expected after unary '&'", NULL);
		if (lv[LVSYM]) genaddr(lv[LVSYM]);
		lv[LVPRIM] = pointerto(lv[LVPRIM]);
		return 0;
	case SIZEOF:
		Token = scan();
		lparen();
		if (CHAR == Token || INT == Token || VOID == Token) {
			k = CHAR == Token? CHARSIZE:
				INT == Token? INTSIZE: 0;
			Token = scan();
			if (STAR == Token) {
				k = PTRSIZE;
				Token = scan();
				if (STAR == Token) Token = scan();
			}
			else if (0 == k) {
				error("cannot take sizeof(void)", NULL);
			}
		}
		else if (IDENT == Token) {
			y = findloc(Text);
			if (!y) y = findglob(Text);
			if (!y || !(k = objsize(Prims[y], Types[y], Sizes[y])))
				error("cannot take sizeof object: %s",
					Text);
			Token = scan();
		}
		else {
			error("cannot take sizeof object: %s", Text);
			Token = scan();
		}
		genlit(k);
		rparen();
		lv[LVPRIM] = PINT;
		return 0;
	default:
		return postfix(lv);
	}
}

/*
 * cast :=
 *	  prefix
 *	| ( type ) prefix
 *	| ( type * ) prefix
 *	| ( type * * ) prefix
 *	| ( INT ( * ) ( ) ) prefix
 */

int cast(int *lv) {
	int	t, a;

	if (LPAREN == Token) {
		Token = scan();
		if (INT == Token) {
			t = PINT;
			Token = scan();
		}
		else if (CHAR == Token) {
			t = PCHAR;
			Token = scan();
		}
		else if (VOID == Token) {
			t = PVOID;
			Token = scan();
		}
		else {
			reject();
			Token = LPAREN;
			strcpy(Text, "(");
			return prefix(lv);
		}
		if (PINT == t && LPAREN == Token) {
			Token = scan();
			match(STAR, "int(*)()");
			rparen();
			lparen();
			rparen();
			t = FUNPTR;
		}
		else if (STAR == Token) {
			t = pointerto(t);
			Token = scan();
			if (STAR == Token) {
				t = pointerto(t);
				Token = scan();
			}
		}
		rparen();
		a = prefix(lv);
		lv[LVPRIM] = t;
		return a;
	}
	else {
		return prefix(lv);
	}
}

/*
 * term :=
 *	  cast
 *	| term * cast
 *	| term / cast
 *	| term % cast
 *
 * sum :=
 *	  term
 *	| sum + term
 *	| sum - term
 *
 * shift :=
 *	  sum
 *	| shift << sum
 *	| shift >> sum
 *
 * relation :=
 *	  shift
 *	| relation < shift
 *	| relation > shift
 *	| relation <= shift
 *	| relation >= shift
 *
 * equation :=
 *	  relation
 *	| equation == relation
 *	| equation != relation
 *
 * binand :=
 *	  equation
 *	| binand & equation
 *
 * binxor :=
 *	  binand
 *	| binxor ^ binand
 *
 * binor :=
 *	  binxor
 *	| binor '|' binxor
 *
 * binexpr :=
 *	  binor
 */

static int binexpr(int *lv) {
	int	ops[9], prs[10], sp = 0;
	int	a, a2 = 0, lv2[LV];

	a = cast(lv);
	prs[0] = lv[LVPRIM];
	while (SLASH == Token || STAR == Token || MOD == Token ||
		PLUS == Token || MINUS == Token || LSHIFT == Token ||
		RSHIFT == Token || GREATER == Token || GTEQ == Token ||
		LESS == Token || LTEQ == Token || EQUAL == Token ||
		NOTEQ == Token || AMPER == Token || CARET == Token ||
		PIPE == Token
	) {
		if (a) rvalue(lv);
		if (a2) rvalue(lv2);
		while (sp > 0 && Prec[Token] <= Prec[ops[sp-1]]) {
			prs[sp-1] = genbinop(ops[sp-1], prs[sp-1], prs[sp]);
			sp--;
		}
		ops[sp++] = Token;
		Token = scan();
		a2 = cast(lv2);
		prs[sp] = lv2[LVPRIM];
		a = 0;
	}
	if (a2) rvalue(lv2);
	while (sp > 0) {
		prs[sp-1] = genbinop(ops[sp-1], prs[sp-1], prs[sp]);
		sp--;
	}
	lv[LVPRIM] = prs[0];
	return a;
}

/*
 * logand :=
 *	  binexpr
 *	| logand && binexpr
 *
 * logor :=
 *	  logand
 *	| logor '||' logand
 */

static int cond2(int *lv, int op) {
	int	a, a2 = 0, lv2[LV];
	int	lab = 0;

	a = op == LOGOR? cond2(lv, LOGAND): binexpr(lv);
	while (Token == op) {
		if (!lab) lab = label();
		if (a) rvalue(lv);
		if (a2) rvalue(lv2);
		if (op == LOGOR)
			genbrtrue(lab);
		else
			genbrfalse(lab);
		clear();
		Token = scan();
		a2 = op == LOGOR? cond2(lv2, LOGAND): binexpr(lv2);
		a = 0;
	}
	if (lab) {
		if (a2) rvalue(lv2);
		genlab(lab);
		genbool();
		load();
	}
	return a;
}

/*
 * condexpr :=
 *	  logor
 *	| logor ? logor : condexpr
 */

static int cond3(int *lv) {
	int	a, lv2[LV], p;
	int	l1 = 0, l2 = 0;

	a = cond2(lv, LOGOR);
	p = 0;
	while (QMARK == Token) {
		l1 = label();
		if (!l2) l2 = label();
		if (a) rvalue(lv);
		a = 0;
		genbrfalse(l1);
		clear();
		Token = scan();
		if (expr(lv))
			rvalue(lv);
		if (!p) p = lv[LVPRIM];
		if (!typematch(p, lv[LVPRIM]))
			error("incompatible types in '?:'", NULL);
		genjump(l2);
		genlab(l1);
		clear();
		colon();
		if (cond2(lv2, LOGOR))
			rvalue(lv2);
		if (QMARK != Token)
			if (!typematch(p, lv2[LVPRIM]))
				error("incompatible types in '?:'", NULL);
	}
	if (l2) {
		genlab(l2);
		load();
	}
	return a;
}

/*
 * asgmnt :=
 *	  condexpr
 *	| condexpr = asgmnt
 *	| condexpr *= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr /= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr %= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr += asgmnt
 *	| condexpr -= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr <<= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr >>= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr &= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr ^= asgmnt
 *	| condexpr |= asgmnt
 */

int asgmnt(int *lv) {
	int	a, lv2[LV], op;

	a = cond3(lv);
	if (ASSIGN == Token || ASDIV == Token || ASMUL == Token ||
		ASMOD == Token || ASPLUS == Token || ASMINUS == Token ||
		ASLSHIFT == Token || ASRSHIFT == Token || ASAND == Token ||
		ASXOR == Token || ASOR == Token
	) {
		op = Token;
		Token = scan();
		if (ASSIGN != op && !lv[LVSYM]) {
			genpush();
			genind(lv[LVPRIM]);
		}
		if (asgmnt(lv2)) rvalue(lv2);
		if (ASSIGN == op)
			if (!typematch(lv[LVPRIM], lv2[LVPRIM]))
				error("assignment from incompatible type",
					NULL);
		if (a)
			genstore(op, lv, lv2);
		else
			error("lvalue expected in assignment", Text);
		a = 0;
	}
	return a;
}

/*
 * expr :=
 *	  asgmnt
 *	| asgmnt , expr
 */

int expr(int *lv) {
	int	a, a2 = 0, lv2[LV];

	a = asgmnt(lv);
	while (COMMA == Token) {
		Token = scan();
		clear();
		a2 = asgmnt(lv2);
		a = 0;
	}
	if (a2) rvalue(lv2);
	return a;
}

int rexpr(void) {
	int	lv[LV];

	if (expr(lv))
		rvalue(lv);
	return lv[LVPRIM];
}

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